> In addition to the largest eruption documented in Antarctica during the Holocene that formed the caldera16,17,34, Deception Island has produced numerous eruptions over the past two centuries (e.g.,20,21), as well as unrest episodes in 1992 (e.g.,22), 199923,24, 2014–201514,15,24, and the alert level (yellow) of eruption during the Spanish Antarctic campaign 2020–202125. The most recent activity has been interpreted to indicate that an upcoming eruption is highly probable (e.g.,16,21,26).