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@Tadano @hazlin @SuperLutheran 2. Don't do Bible studies with Unbelievers, but do Bible studies with Unbelievers
I'd only go into the finer details of the Word if your atheist acquaintance showed any remorse or evidence that the Spirit is working upon; otherwise you are wasting your time. We are not to throw holy things to the dogs. He can stay mad all he wants if he does not like you not arguing with him about this passage. When God says "come let us reason together", He follows with "Obey me and receive good or else," (Isaiah 1:18-20) and not any true argument by human standards. That should be your mindset.
As for the passage:
It's bizarre that the atheist presumes the Midianites are some innocent nation that did nothing to deserve their fate. Besides active subverting Israel's obedience to God, which alone sealed their fate, they also often materially attacked the Israelites (as seen in Joshua). The incident with the Midianite woman was also not a mere act of fornication. It was an active attempt to sway Israel from Yahweh to a false god. This subversion also was the cause for a plague upon Israel, which itself costed many lives.
And the Midianites had plenty of warning too to obey God and not fight against Him and His people, coming from Jethro, Moses' father and a faithful priest of Midian (Exodus 18:1) and partially from Balaam, before his treachery (Num. 22:13). They had no excuse when the Lord pronounced judgement upon that nation.
Atheists may huff and puff all he wants about the fate of the virgin girls, but there is nothing immoral about it. They were spared on God's command which is rare in Israel's conquest of Canaan. They now had the direct opportunity to be shown and believe God's Word, which would save their souls.
As for the "slavery" claim, any woman who did not become a wife of someone became a maiden slave with all the rights God demanded for slaves in His laws. And any maiden slave that was used sexually, functionally became the master's wife in the eyes of the Law. It's not as if the maidens entered a state of constant abuse, which the onus is on the atheist to prove and not presume. If Israelites were abusing Midianite slaves, as we see elsewhere in the Pentateuch and Joshua, the Lord would have quickly made apparent of Israel's sin.
We have an example of God avenging abused slaves with the Gibeonites after Saul massacred many of them (2 Samuel 21:1).