I tested my funky-format on a real system now! It worked fine.
You can see it here: This track (39, on side B) has the normal 9 sectors, but one of them has entirely the wrong sector number, it's 255 instead of 4.
So when we make the DOS call to try and read sectors 0x2CA, it'll fail to find it, because that sector should be in this track, but isn't.