The figure summarises the five processes of the carbon cycle that lead to air-sea CO2 exchange in the aftermath of a snowball Earth as quantified in this study. These are: inorganic formation of carbonates, ocean warming, the reappearance of the biological carbon pump, dilution by inflow of meltwater, and equilibration of atmosphere and ocean. The effect of the processes on atmospheric CO2 (red text represents an increase and blue text represents a reduction of the atmospheric CO2 concentration) and a rough estimate of the process time scale is given. The quantification is based on the ICON-ESM simulations and additional box model calculations.
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